UGC NET Paper 2: Commerce 7th Dec 2023 Shift 1

The correct answer is Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Key Points

• Assertion A: The assertion states that consumers may prefer to choose their shopping channels based on a variety of considerations such as shopping goals, price, product assortment, and convenience. This assertion is broadly correct as it effectively captures the multi-dimensional decision-making process of consumers when it comes to selecting where to shop.
• Reason R:  The reason suggests that some consumers are resistant to changing their shopping behavior in terms of moving to higher-end goods or down to discount or private-label goods. This aspect of consumer behavior reflects the underlying motivations that might influence a consumer’s choice of shopping channel—effectively linking back to the shopping goals mentioned in Assertion A.

Additional Information

• Shopping goals: These are the objectives or intentions a consumer has when they decide to shop. It can include obtaining good price, finding a specific product, or having a convenient shopping experience.
• Product assortment: The variety of products that a store or channel offers. A larger assortment allows customers more choices.
• Convenience: In the shopping context, this refers to how easy and effortless the shopping experience is for the customer. It includes factors such as store location, website usability, delivery or pickup options, etc.
• Trade-up: This phrase refers to the act of purchasing more expensive, higher-end items or switching to higher-end retailers.
• Higher-end goods: These are products that are considered to be of high quality and often come with a higher price tag. They're typically produced by well-known or luxury brands.
• Trade down: This refers to the act of consumers starting to purchase cheaper items or switching to cheaper, discount retailers.
• Discount retailers: These are stores that sell goods at prices lower than the typical market value. They usually offer a wide range of merchandise.
• Private-label: Private-label products are those manufactured or provided by one company for offer under another company's brand. They're prevalent in a variety of industries from food to cosmetics to apparel. These products are typically cheaper compared to national-brand goods.

The correct answer is C, A, D, E, B.

Key PointsExplanation:

C. Increased world trade with limited capital flows: This represents the preliminary phase of globalization, where nations began trading with each other more extensively, but restrictions on the movement of capital across borders still existed. This scenario sets up the initial conditions for economic integration on a global scale, focusing on trade rather than investment.

A. Protectionism and nationalism: Following an initial increase in trade, a phase of protectionism and nationalism often emerges. This can be a reaction to the rapid changes and perceived negative impacts of globalization, such as job losses in certain sectors or concerns over national sovereignty. In some historical contexts, after a period of increasing trade, countries have moved towards protecting their own industries and labor markets, which would fit this position in the sequence.

D. Expanded open economies: Overcoming the phase of protectionism, the argument here suggests a broad transition towards more open economies. This might be due to the realization that protectionism can lead to inefficiencies and missed opportunities for growth. As countries learn to manage the challenges of globalization, they shift towards embracing open economic policies, removing trade barriers, and encouraging foreign investment.

E. Industrial economies increasingly open and emerging nations open slowly: This step acknowledges a divergence in the pace at which different economies open up. Industrialized nations might lead the charge in embracing open economies due to their capacity to adapt and compete in a globalized market. Meanwhile, emerging nations might proceed more cautiously, opening their economies slowly due to concerns about economic vulnerability or the challenges of competing with established industrial economies.

B. Capital flows driving economic development: As a culmination of these trends, capital flows become a driving force behind economic development. This stage is marked by a globally integrated financial system where capital moves freely across borders, fueling growth, innovation, and development. It represents a mature phase of the global monetary system, where the economies are not only interconnected through trade but also through significant investment links.

Additional Information

Explanation of Technical Words:

• Capital Flows: The movement of money for the purpose of investment, trade, or business production.
• Open Economies: An economy where there is international trade activity and the country interacts with other countries' economies.
• Protectionism: The practice of shielding a country's industries from foreign competition by taxing imports.
• Nationalism: The policy of asserting the interests of one's own nation separate from the interests of other nations or the common interests of all nations.
• Global Monetary System: The system and rules that govern the use of money around the world and between countries. It involves exchange rates and the movement of capital.

The correct answer is E, A, C, B, D.

Key Points

E. Issue a notice for show-cause to the parties of the combination: The process begins with the CCI issuing a show-cause notice to the parties involved in a proposed combination. This initial step suggests that the CCI has preliminary concerns or questions about the combination's potential impact on competition. The parties are asked to explain why their proposal should not be subject to a detailed investigation.

A. Call for a report from the Director General: After receiving the parties' response to the show-cause notice, the CCI may still have concerns and decide to investigate further. It calls for a detailed investigation report from the Director General (DG), the investigative arm of the CCI. This report helps the CCI understand the nuances of the combination and its potential effects on the market.

C. Direct the parties of the combination to publish details of the combination: Once the investigation is underway, the CCI may require the parties to publish details of the proposed combination. This step is designed to inform and involve the public and relevant stakeholders, allowing them to assess the combination's potential impacts themselves and possibly bring additional concerns to the CCI's attention.

B. Invite any person, affected parties to file written objections: Following the publication of details concerning the combination, the CCI invites objections or comments from the public, including any affected persons or parties. This inclusive approach allows the CCI to gather a wide array of perspectives and information that could influence its assessment of the combination's competitive impact.

D. Call for additional information from the parties of the combination: Based on the responses from the public and further investigation, the CCI might find it necessary to obtain additional information directly from the parties involved in the combination. This step enables the CCI to clarify any remaining concerns and ensure a thorough evaluation of the combination's implications for market competition.

The correct answer is 15.87%.

Key Points

• The Price Earnings (P/E) ratio is a metric that measures the value of a company, dividing the latest closing price of a company's stock by the earnings-per-share (EPS) over the last 12 months.
• A standardized value or Z-score is a statistical measurement that shows a score's relationship to the mean in a group of scores. A Z-score of 1.0 indicates a value that is one standard deviation from the mean.
• In a standard normal distribution:
  • About 68% of the values fall within one standard deviation of the mean (accounting for the area between Z= -1 and Z= 1).
  • About 95% fall within two standard deviations (Z=-2 to Z=2).
  • About 99.7 fall within three standard deviations (Z=-3 to Z=3).
• A Z-score of 1.0 indicates that the P/E ratio of the firm falls exactly one standard deviation above the mean in the distribution and is higher than about 84.13% of the values (because 50 percent are below the mean and an additional 34.13% lie between the mean and one standard deviation above).
• Answer options review:
  • 1. The value 99.73% corresponds to a Z-score of 3.0, not applicable here.
  • 2. 68.27% represents the total percentage of values within one standard deviation around the mean, not only above.
  • 3. 15.87% does not directly match with any typical Z-score, but if we consider that 84.13% of the firms have P/E ratio lower than this firm (due to its Z score of 1), it can be understood that this firm's P/E ratio is in the highest 15.87%.
  • 4. 34.13% represents the percentage of data between the mean and 1 standard deviation above only, not considering the portion (50%) under the mean.

Conclusion: The firm's P/E ratio is in the highest 15.87% of firms in the industry - Answer 3).

The correct answer is This type of price discrimination is most likely to occur in the manufacturing industries.

 Key Points

• Price discrimination is the practice of charging different prices for an equivalent good or service, and third-degree price discrimination occurs when the price varies by customer groups or segments.
• Key conditions for third-degree price discrimination include:
  • The firm must have some degree of monopoly power - this is because firms in perfectly competitive markets do not have control over price.
  • The firm must be able to segregate the markets - the firm must prevent reselling between customer groups or segments, to avoid the cheaper good being bought and resold into the more expensive market.
  • The customers must exhibit different price elasticities of demand - different groups or segments have different sensitivities to price changes. For example, students may be more price sensitive (higher price elasticity of demand) than working professionals for certain goods or services.
• Given these explanations, let's evaluate the options:
  • The firm must have monopoly power - this is true, as explained above.
  • This type of price discrimination is most likely to occur in the manufacturing industries - this statement is not necessarily true. Although price discrimination, including third-degree price discrimination, can occur in manufacturing industries, it is by no means exclusive to or most common in these industries. Price discrimination can be practiced in any market where the conditions stated earlier are met regardless of the industry.
  • The firm must be able to keep the two markets separate- this is true, it's essential to prevent resale between segments.
  • The price elasticity and demand for the commodity must be different in the two markets - this is true. Different segments need to have different price elasticities of demand to make price discrimination beneficial.

The correct answer is Ten percent of the average turnover/income of firm of the three preceding financial years.

Key Points

• According to the Competition Act, 2002, of India, under Section 27, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) is empowered to penalize firms engaging in anti-competitive practices.
• As per the Act, should the CCI find a company to be in violation of the norms, it has the discretionary power to impose a penalty of up to 10% of the average of the firm’s turnover for the last three financial years.
• Therefore, the correct answer to your question would be: Ten percent of the average turnover/income of the firm of the three preceding financial years
• This provision was designed to punish and deter businesses who distort competition and harm consumers and other businesses through their actions.
• It's important to note that the outcome and the exact amount of any penalty will depend on a number of factors, including the nature, duration, and severity of the anti-competitive behavior, as well as the firm’s turnover.

Additional Information

• The Competition Commission of India (CCI) was established under the Competition Act, 2002, with the primary goal of preventing activities that have an adverse effect on competition in India, ensuring fair and healthy competition in the economic landscape of the country.
• The Act replaced the older Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act (MRTP Act) to better align with the realities of a liberalized economy. It recognizes the role of competition in promoting efficiency, protecting consumer interest, and ensuring freedom of trade in markets in India.
• The Competition Act, 2002, empowers the CCI to:
  • Prohibit anti-competitive agreements, including cartels.
  • Prohibit abuse of dominant position in the market.
  • Regulate combinations (mergers and acquisitions) that cause or are likely to cause an appreciable adverse effect on competition.
• The governing body of the CCI consists of a chairperson and six members appointed by the Government of India. The CCI is also responsible for advocacy and education about competition laws and aims at raising awareness and understanding of the issues involved.
• The Competition Act, 2002, is thus an essential legislative framework in India that aims to promote healthy competition, prevent monopoly and anti-competitive practices, benefit consumers, and ensure freedom of trade.

The correct answer is Forward hedge.

Key Points

A forward hedge is a strategy used to mitigate or protect against the risk of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Given the context of protecting the value of a foreign currency denominated transaction, here’s how a forward hedge functions in alignment with its designation as the correct answer:

• Hedging Strategy: A forward hedge involves entering into a forward contract or using financial instruments in a way that will offset potential losses in a foreign currency transaction due to currency exchange rate movements. The aim is to lock in the exchange rate for a future transaction.
• Forward Contracts in Hedging: Even though the term "forward contract" is mentioned separately as option 1, it's worth noting that forward contracts are commonly used as a part of forward hedging strategies. The distinction in this context is that "forward hedge" encompasses a strategy or objective (hedging risk), whereas "forward contract" is a specific instrument that can be used to achieve that strategy.
• Protection Against Exchange Rate Risk: For businesses or individuals involved in transactions that require converting one currency to another at a future date, the value of the transaction can significantly vary with changes in the exchange rate. By using a forward hedge, the parties agree on an exchange rate initially, thus protecting the transaction from becoming more expensive (or less profitable) due to unfavorable exchange rate movements.
• Why not the others?: While "forward swap" and "forward premium" relate to financial instruments and terms within the foreign exchange and hedging domain, they don't directly describe a strategy aimed at protecting the value of a foreign currency denominated transaction in the way that "forward hedge" does. "Forward swap" involves exchanging financial instruments or cash flows between parties in different currencies for a specified period, and "forward premium" refers to a condition where the forward or future price of a currency is higher than the spot price. These don't capture the comprehensive approach of mitigating currency risk for a transaction as the term "forward hedge" does.

The correct answer is C, D, B, A, E.

Key Points

• The book building process for the public issue of shares in India generally follows a well-defined sequence.
  • First, a merchant banker and syndicate members need to be appointed as underwriters. This is the team that will manage the issuance of the new shares (C).
  • Once the team is in place, the next step is the preparation and filing of the red herring prospectus with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) for approval (D). This document provides details about the planned share issue.
  • After receiving approval from SEBI, the next step involves promoting the issue and generating demand for the shares. This is done through 'book running', where the book runner and syndicate members generate awareness, and create and manage demand (B).
  • These leads to the next step which is the determination of the issue price or market clearing price, a process known as 'price discovery' (A).
  • Finally, once the shares have been priced and the book is closed, the issued shares get allotted and listed on stock exchange(s) (E).
  • So, the correct sequence is C, D, B, A, E which matches with option:

Additional Information

• Issue Price: The price at which a company's shares are initially sold to the public.
• Market Clearing Price: The price of a good or a service at which quantity supplied is equal to quantity demanded.
• Price Discovery: The process by which buyers and sellers determine the price of a security.
• Book Runner: The main underwriter or lead manager in the issuance of new equity, debt, or securities instruments.
• Syndicate Members: A group of investment banks that work together to sell new security offerings to investors.
• Merchant Banker: An individual or a financial institution providing capital to firms, often in exchange for an ownership stake.
• Underwriters: Entities that administer the public issuance and distribution of securities from a corporation.
• Red Herring Prospectus: A preliminary registration statement or prospectus filed by a company with SEBI in anticipation of a public offering.
• Allotment: The process of allocating or distributing a certain number of shares to prospective shareholders.
• Stock Exchange: A market in which securities are bought and sold.

The correct answer is A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I.

Key Points

• The FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) policy in India dictates the limit up to which foreign investment is allowed in different sectors of economy and the route through which such investments can be made. The automatic route is one where the FDI is allowed without prior approval from the Government or Reserve Bank of India.
• Trading in Transferable Development Rights (TDR) - As per the FDI policy, the foreign direct investment in trading of TDRs is prohibited, so it is associated with II. Prohibited.
• Multi-Brand Retail Trading – Foreign Direct Investment is allowed up to 51% under the government approval route, not the automatic route. So none of the options in List II corresponds directly.
• Satellite (Establishment and Operations) – Foreign Direct Investment is permitted up to 100% under the government approval route in the field of Satellites-establishment and operation, so it's associated with IV. 100%.
• Petroleum Refining (by PSUs) - In case of Petroleum Refining by PSUs, 49% FDI is permitted under the automatic route which associates it with I. 49%.

Additional Information

• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):
  • Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a type of cross-border investment made by a resident in one economy (the direct investor) in an enterprise in another economy (the direct investment enterprise) with the objective of establishing a lasting interest in the enterprise. Essentially, it means when an investor, based in one country, invests in a business based in another country. The investor's aim is to have control, influence, or significant participation in the management of the enterprise.
• Regulator for FDI in India:
  • In India, the body that governs FDI is the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. It frames the FDI Policy, which is then implemented by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
• Routes of FDI in India:
  • There are mainly two routes through which India allows FDI, the Automatic route, and the Government route:
  • Automatic Route: Under the Automatic Route, the non-resident investor or the Indian company does not require any approval from the Government of India for the investment. This is allowed in sectors/activities listed under the Consolidated FDI Policy Circular of the Government of India.
  • Government Route: Under the Government Route, prior to investment, approval from the Government of India is required. Government approval is granted based on recommendations provided by the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB). The sectors/activities requiring government approval are usually those considered sensitive for the country.

The correct answer is Piggy Backing.

Key Points

• The phenomenon where one company ('rider') utilizes the established distribution channels of another firm ('carrier') in a particular country to export its goods is known as Piggy Backing.
• Piggybacking is a cost-effective way for companies to expand into new markets. Instead of establishing new distribution channels which can be costly and time-consuming, they make use of the channels that have already been established by another company.
• The company providing the distribution channels (the 'carrier') usually benefits from additional revenues brought by handling a complementary product line from the 'rider'.
• Therefore, the correct answer in this case is: Piggy Backing

Additional Information

• Rider: In this context, the 'rider' is the company that wants to export its products using the distribution channels of another firm.
• Carrier: The 'carrier' is the company that has established distribution channels in a target country.
• Piggybacking: This term refers to a scenario where a company leverages the distribution network of another firm to sell its products in a foreign market.
• Counter Trade: This is a form of international trade in which goods or services are exchanged for other goods or services instead of for hard currency.
• Barter: This is the exchange of goods or services for other goods or services without using money.
• Switch Trading: It's a type of countertrade in which a third party trading house buys the firm's counterpurchase credits and sells them to another firm that can better use them.

The correct answer is RuPay.

Key Points

• The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) is an important body for all retail payment systems in India.
• It aims to allow all Indian residents access to e-payment services.
• It has developed various digital payment systems, one of which is RuPay.
• Paytm is a private firm and does not come under the jurisdiction of the NPCI.
• BharatPe, like Paytm, is a private firm offering digital payment solutions and is not a product of the NPCI.
• Mastercard is a multinational financial services corporation headquartered in the United States, possessing no link to the NPCI.
• RuPay, on the other hand, is a credit card payment system launched by the NPCI. RuPay has been created with the intent to fulfill RBI's vision of establishing a 'domestic, open and multilateral system of payments'.
• Therefore, the correct answer is: RuPay 

Additional Information

• The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) is an umbrella organization for all retail payment systems in India.
• It was established in 2008 by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Indian Banks' Association (IBA) with a vision to create a robust Payment and Settlement Infrastructure in India.
• NPCI has played a pivotal role in revolutionizing the payment systems in India and making them globally recognized.
• It has developed numerous payment systems and products, such as Automated Clearing House (ACH), Immediate Payment Service (IMPS), National Automated Clearing House (NACH), Unified Payments Interface (UPI), and most notably, India's homegrown card network, RuPay.

The correct answer is A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III.

Key Points

• The listed concepts refer to various targeting strategies utilized by companies. Correctly understanding and applying these strategies can greatly enhance the effectiveness of a company's marketing efforts.
• Target compatibility refers to how well the company can meet the needs and preferences of a particular market segment, reflecting the company's ability to create superior customer value. This matches with II.
• Tactical Targeting focuses on how the company can reach strategically important customers. This coordinates with the tactical approach, referring to specific actions a company takes to enact its strategy. This corresponds to IV.
• Target Attractiveness reflects the potential profitability or overall appeal of a specific market segment to the company, showing the ability of a market segment to create superior value for the company. This fits with I.
• Strategic Targeting concentrates on designing the company’s offerings according to the customers’ needs, in line with the company's overall strategic goals. This alpha aligns with III.
• Therefore, the correct matchup should be: A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III

The correct answer is under no circumstances.

Key Points

• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical method that segregates observed variance into different parts for the purpose of assessing specific processes.
• The F-value in an ANOVA test is the test statistic for the hypothesis that the means of all groups (treatments) are equal.
• The F-value is calculated as the ratio between the Model Mean Square (or Treatment variance, which is computed as the Sum of Squares of the Treatment divided by the degrees of freedom) and the Error Mean Square (within treatment variability or error variance, computed as the Sum of Squares of Error divided by its degrees of freedom).
• Both the variance due to treatments (the numerator of the F ratio) and the error variance (the denominator of the F ratio) are sums of squares that are each divided by their respective degrees of freedom, and since these are sums of squares, they are always non-negative.
• Therefore, the F-value, being the ratio of these non-negative quantities, can never be negative.

The correct answer is A, B and D Only

Key Points

• Sales price variance is unfavorable: The decrease in selling price from Rs. 80 to Rs. 78 per unit results in reduced revenue per unit sold, indicating an unfavorable variance. Despite selling more units, lower prices lead to lower total revenue compared to the budgeted amount, impacting profitability negatively.
• Sales volume variance is favorable: Selling 1000 units more than budgeted boosts revenue, indicating a favorable variance. The increase in sales volume exceeds expectations, contributing positively to total revenue and potentially enhancing profitability.
• Sales activity variance is Rs. 80000 (favorable): Combining the effects of changes in selling price and sales volume, the overall impact on revenue is positive, resulting in a favorable variance of Rs. 80000. This indicates that the company's sales strategies have effectively increased revenue beyond the budgeted amount, reflecting successful performance in generating sales.
• By considering these factors, the manager can gain insights into the performance of the sales department and the overall profitability of the business.
• Understanding the variances helps identify areas where performance deviates from expectations, allowing management to take corrective actions or make strategic decisions to improve future outcomes.
• Therefore, options A, B, and D collectively provide important insights into the different aspects of sales performance, helping the manager make informed decisions about resource allocation, pricing strategies, and sales targets.

Additional Information

• By analyzing these variances, the sales manager can gain valuable insights into the performance of the sales department and the overall profitability of the business.
• Understanding the reasons behind these variances can help management make informed decisions regarding pricing strategies, resource allocation, and sales targets, ultimately contributing to the company's success.

The correct answer is Lifetime Value.

Key Points

• The Lifetime Value (LTV), also known as Customer Lifetime Value (CLV), is a prediction of the net profit attributed to the entire future relationship with a customer or segment.
• This financial metric is an important part of marketing and customer relationship management because it helps a company understand the economic value that a customer would offer over the course of their business relationship.
• LTV is calculated by predicting the net profit from the entire future relationship with a customer, then discounting it to present value.
• The present value is the current value of a future sum of money assuming a certain rate of return.
• LTV allows companies to understand what they should spend to acquire new customers or retain existing ones.
• An increase in lifetime customer value represents a positive outcome, as it implies that a company would profit more from a customer over their lifetime.
• Strategies that help in increasing LTV include improving customer service, personalizing customer experience, and launching customer loyalty programs.

The correct answer is A - IV, B - III, C - II , D - I.

Key Points

• A - IV: The time dimension - Cross-sectional study
  • Cross-sectional studies involve observing a particular outcome or phenomenon at a single point in time. This matches with "The time dimension" as it refers to how research is framed in terms of temporal aspects - in this case, at a specific point in time rather than longitudinally.
• B - III: The purpose of the study - Descriptive study
  • Descriptive studies aim to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation, or phenomenon. The purpose of such studies is often to gather more information about a topic when not much is known, matching "The purpose of the study."
• C - II: The topical scope of the study - Statistical study
  • A statistical study implies a focus on quantifying information and often involves the collection and analysis of numerical data across a scope defined by the study. "The topical scope of the study" would thus refer to what the study is trying to cover or address, which in statistical studies, is typically a defined research question or hypothesis assessed through quantitative means.
• D - I: The degree to which the research question has been crystallized - Exploratory study
  • Exploratory studies are conducted when a problem is not clearly defined. It investigates potential questions that could be researched more thoroughly and is utilized when the researcher does not know much yet about the problem. This corresponds with "The degree to which the research question has been crystallized," as exploratory studies are used when the research question is not yet fully formed or clear.

The correct answer is A, B, D and E Only

Key Points

• Bank of issue: This is correct. The RBI has the authority to issue currency notes in India. It is responsible for managing the supply of currency in the economy, ensuring its adequacy, and maintaining its integrity.
• Banker's bank and lender of the last resort: This is correct. The RBI acts as a banker to other banks in India, holding their deposits, providing them with liquidity, and facilitating inter-bank transactions. It also serves as a lender of last resort, providing emergency funds to banks facing financial crises.
• Regulator of fiscal policy: This is incorrect. The RBI is not directly responsible for fiscal policy, which involves government spending, taxation, and budgetary matters. Fiscal policy is typically set by the government, while monetary policy falls within the RBI's purview.
• Controller of credit: This is correct. The RBI plays a crucial role in controlling credit in the economy through various monetary policy tools such as bank rate, repo rate, and open market operations. It regulates the credit flow in the economy to maintain price stability and promote economic growth.
• Custodian of foreign exchange reserves: This is correct. The RBI manages India's foreign exchange reserves, which consist of foreign currencies, gold, and other assets held by the central bank. These reserves are used to stabilize the rupee's value in international markets and ensure external stability.

Additional Information

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central bank of India and plays a pivotal role in the country's economic and financial system.
• he RBI's role is crucial in maintaining monetary stability, fostering economic growth, and ensuring the stability and integrity of India's financial system. It operates as an independent and autonomous institution, accountable to the government and the public for its actions and policies.

The correct answer is Call to Action

Key Points

• A "call to action" (CTA) is a marketing term used to describe any design element, statement, or message that prompts an immediate response or encourages an immediate sale.
• CTAs are commonly used in advertising, sales materials, websites, and other marketing communications to guide the audience towards taking a specific action, such as making a purchase, signing up for a newsletter, or requesting more information.
• CTAs are typically concise and directive, using clear language and compelling visuals to encourage the desired response.
• They often include action verbs that convey a sense of urgency or importance, such as "Buy Now," "Subscribe Today," or "Learn More."
• Additionally, CTAs may be accompanied by persuasive elements such as limited-time offers, special discounts, or freebies to incentivize the audience to act quickly.
• The effectiveness of a call to action depends on several factors, including its placement, visibility, relevance to the audience, and alignment with the overall marketing objectives.
• A well-crafted CTA can significantly improve conversion rates and drive desired outcomes for businesses by guiding potential customers through the sales funnel and facilitating engagement and interaction with the brand.

Additional Information

• A "call to action" is a crucial component of marketing strategy, serving as a powerful tool to motivate audiences to take immediate and specific actions that contribute to achieving marketing goals and driving business success.

The correct answer is  A, B, and C Only

Key Points

• The trilemma of international finance, also known as the impossible trinity, is a concept in economics that suggests it is impossible for a country to simultaneously achieve all three of the following objectives in its monetary policy: (A), an independent monetary policy (B)., and free capital movement (C).
• Fixed exchange rate: This refers to a situation where a country's currency is pegged to the value of another currency or a basket of currencies, and the exchange rate remains constant. This is often desired for stability in international trade and investment.
• Independent monetary policy: This means that a country's central bank has the ability to control its monetary policy, including interest rates and money supply, without being constrained by external factors. Independent monetary policy is crucial for addressing domestic economic conditions such as inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.
• Free mobility of capital: This implies that capital can flow in and out of a country's economy without significant restrictions, such as capital controls or barriers to investment. Free mobility of capital facilitates international investment, diversification of portfolios, and efficient allocation of resources across borders.

Additional Information

• If a country chooses to have a fixed exchange rate and free mobility of capital, it would have to give up independent monetary policy. This is because capital mobility can put pressure on the exchange rate, forcing the central bank to adjust its monetary policy to maintain the fixed exchange rate.
• If a country prioritizes independent monetary policy and free mobility of capital, it would have to allow its exchange rate to float, meaning it cannot maintain a fixed exchange rate.
• Alternatively, if a country decides to have a fixed exchange rate and independent monetary policy, it would have to impose restrictions on capital flows to prevent speculative attacks on its currency. This would violate the principle of free mobility of capital.

The correct answer is Rs. 10 lakhs

Key Points

• Section 206C(1F) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, mandates the collection of tax at source (TCS) by the seller of a motor vehicle when the value of the motor vehicle exceeds INR 10 lakhs.
•  This provision applies to any person who is responsible for selling a motor vehicle. It is important to note that the obligation to collect tax at source falls on the seller.
• The requirement to collect tax at source is triggered when the value of the motor vehicle being sold exceeds INR 10 lakhs. If the sale consideration is INR 10 lakhs or less, there is no requirement to collect tax at source under this provision.
• The tax rate applicable for the purpose of TCS under Section 206C(1F) is 1% of the sale consideration. This means that the seller is required to collect 1% of the total sale consideration from the buyer as tax.
• The tax shall be collected at the time of receipt of the sale consideration from the buyer. This implies that the seller must ensure that the tax is collected from the buyer when the payment for the motor vehicle is received.

Additional Information

• It is the responsibility of the seller to collect the tax at source and remit it to the government within the stipulated time frame.
• The seller should ensure compliance with the provisions of Section 206C(1F) to avoid any penalties or consequences for non-compliance.

The correct answer is B, C and D Only

Key Points

• When the costs of imports rise, it implies that more domestic currency (Indian rupees in this case) is needed to purchase the same amount of foreign goods and services. This increases the demand for foreign currency, putting downward pressure on the value of the Indian rupee relative to other currencies.
• Rising import costs can also lead to inflationary pressure within the economy. Imported goods become more expensive, which can contribute to overall inflation.
• A widening trade deficit means that India is importing more goods and services than it is exporting. To pay for these imports, there is an increased demand for foreign currency (e.g., US dollars, euros) in exchange for the Indian rupee. This increased demand for foreign currency relative to the supply of rupees puts downward pressure on the rupee's value.
• Opening Rupee vostro accounts (An account held by a domestic bank for a foreign bank) allows foreign banks to hold Indian rupees. This increases the availability of rupees in the foreign exchange market. As a result, there can be a surplus of rupees compared to the demand for them, leading to a depreciation of the currency.

Additional Information

• Overall, these factors collectively contribute to the weakening of the Indian rupee by increasing the demand for foreign currency, widening the trade deficit, and affecting the supply of rupees in the foreign exchange market.
• It's important for policymakers to monitor these factors closely and take appropriate measures to manage currency fluctuations and ensure the stability of the rupee.

The correct answer is Carriage Paid To (CPT)  Key Points

Carriage and Insurance Paid To (CIP)

Under CIP, the seller is responsible for arranging and paying for the carriage of goods to a named destination, and also must provide cargo insurance coverage until the goods are delivered to the carrier or appointed person at the destination specified. However, CIP requires the seller to cover insurance, which does not align with the scenario where the buyer assumes cargo insurance responsibilities.

Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF)

CIF applies to sea or inland waterway transport and requires the seller to cover the cost, freight, and insurance to bring the goods to the port of destination. Similar to CIP, under CIF, the seller is responsible for procuring and paying for the insurance up to the destination port, contradicting the condition that the buyer handles the cargo insurance.

Carriage Paid To (CPT)

CPT means the seller pays for the carriage of goods to a named destination. Here, the risk, along with the responsibility for additional costs after the goods have been handed over to the carrier, transfers from the seller to the buyer. The seller does not cover insurance under CPT, which is in line with the scenario where the buyer assumes the responsibility for cargo insurance, import custom clearance, and other costs and risks after the goods have been delivered to the carrier. This matches the scenario described, making CPT the correct choice.

Cost and Freight (CFR)

In the case of CFR, the seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. However, risk is transferred to the buyer once the goods are loaded on board the ship, and importantly, CFR does not require the seller to provide insurance, which must be obtained by the buyer if desired. While CFR might seem to fit certain aspects of the scenario (not covering insurance), it specifically applies to sea or inland waterway transport and does not fully match the description provided as well as CPT does, particularly acknowledging that the responsibility for customs clearance, duties, and taxes explicitly falls to the buyer under CPT after the delivery point.

Therefore, "Carriage Paid To (CPT)" is aligned with the conditions that delivery of goods happens at the seller's expense to the named place of destination, and after which the buyer assumes cargo insurance, import custom clearance, payment of custom duties, taxes, and other costs and risks.

The correct answer is A and D Only

Key Points

• Opportunity costs represent the value of the next best alternative foregone when a decision is made. Managers need to consider opportunity costs when evaluating different courses of action to ensure resources are allocated efficiently.
• Economic profits take into account both explicit costs (such as payments for resources) and implicit costs (such as opportunity costs). By comparing economic profits across alternatives, managers can assess which course of action maximizes overall profitability.
• Incremental costs refer to the additional costs incurred by choosing one alternative over another. By comparing incremental costs across alternatives, managers can assess the financial implications of each choice.
• Marginal costs represent the additional cost incurred by producing one more unit of output. This helps in determining the optimal level of production by comparing marginal costs with marginal revenue.
• In decision-making, managers indeed need to consider the differential revenue and costs of alternatives. While options A and D both contribute to this consideration.

Additional Information

• Option A emphasizes the concept of opportunity costs and economic profits, which are crucial for understanding the full cost of choosing one alternative over another.
• Option D focuses on incremental and marginal costs, which provide a more direct assessment of the financial impact of each alternative.

The correct answer is 0.67

Key Points

• The probability that a selected person is either a male or a smoker can be found using the formula P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B), where A and B are two events. Here, A represents the event of being a male, and B the event of being a smoker.
• The probability of a person in the population being a male, P(A), is given as 57% or 0.57, and the probability of a person being a smoker, P(B), is given as 22% or 0.22. The probability of a person being both a male and a smoker, P(A and B), is given as 12% or 0.12.
• Substituting these probabilities into the formula gives P(A or B) = 0.57 + 0.22 - 0.12 = 0.67.
• Therefore, the probability that a randomly selected person is either a male or a smoker is 0.67 or 67%.

Additional Information

• Probability is a fundamental concept in mathematics and statistics that quantifies the likelihood or chance of an event occurring. It is a measure of uncertainty associated with a particular outcome in a given situation.
• Probability provides a numerical measure of uncertainty or randomness associated with different outcomes of a particular event or experiment. It helps us understand how likely or unlikely an event is to occur.

The correct answer is Rs. 4000

Key Points

• When shares are forfeited, the shareholder loses the right to the shares and any amount already paid on those shares. The company then forfeits the shares and may later reissue them.
• Let's calculate the amount credited to the share forfeiture account when Mr. X's 200 shares are forfeited:
• Amount paid on application per share = Rs. 20
• Total amount paid on application for 200 shares = Rs. 20 *200 = Rs. 4000.
• Since Mr. X paid only the application money and no further amounts, when his shares are forfeited, the company will credit the share forfeiture account with the amount received on application.

Additional Information

• Forfeited shares refer to shares that were originally issued to a shareholder but are subsequently taken back or forfeited by the company due to non-payment of required amounts or failure to fulfill certain obligations by the shareholder.
• This typically occurs when a shareholder fails to pay calls (installments) on the shares as required by the terms of the share issuance.

The correct answer is Gaining ratio 

 Key Points

• When a partner retires from a partnership, the remaining partners usually compensate the retiring partner for their share of goodwill.
• Goodwill represents the value of the reputation, customer base, brand recognition, and other intangible assets of the partnership.
• The ratio in which the remaining partners compensate the retiring partner for their share of goodwill is the gaining ratio.
• This ratio essentially represents the extent to which each remaining partner gains from the retirement of the outgoing partner, in terms of acquiring a share of future profits that had previously been attributable to the retiring partner.

Additional Information

• The profit-sharing ratio determines how profits and losses are distributed among the partners. It does not necessarily reflect the value of goodwill or the compensation paid to a retiring partner.
• The sacrificing ratio is used to determine how the existing partners' profit-sharing ratios change when a new partner is admitted to the partnership. It does not directly relate to compensating a retiring partner for goodwill.
• The capital ratio represents the proportion of capital contributed by each partner to the partnership. While the capital ratio may influence the distribution of profits and losses, it is not directly used to compensate a retiring partner for their share of goodwill.

The correct answer is Job context

 Key Points 

• Job context refers to the broader environment and conditions in which a job is performed. It encompasses various factors that influence the work experience and conditions for an employee.
• This includes aspects such as the physical environment where the work takes place (e.g., office, factory floor, outdoor site), the safety measures in place, the equipment and tools used, and any specific requirements related to ergonomics or health and safety.
• The work schedule outlines when the employee is expected to work, including details about regular hours, shifts (if applicable), any flexibility in scheduling (such as telecommuting or flexible hours), and any requirements for overtime or weekend work.
• Incentives refer to the various motivators or rewards offered to employees to encourage performance, productivity, and retention. This may include bonuses, commissions, profit-sharing, performance-based rewards, recognition programs, benefits such as health insurance or retirement plans, and opportunities for career advancement or skill development.
• Number of people with whom the employee would normally interact relates to the social and interpersonal aspects of the job. It includes information about the size and composition of teams or workgroups, the hierarchy and structure of the organization, the frequency and nature of interactions with colleagues, supervisors, clients, customers, or other stakeholders, and any collaborative or teamwork requirements.

Additional Information

• A job profile typically outlines the duties, responsibilities, skills, qualifications, and experience required for a particular job role.
• Job content refers to the specific tasks, duties, and responsibilities involved in performing a job.
• Job specification typically outlines the qualifications, skills, experience, and other specific requirements necessary to perform a job effectively.

The correct answer is C and E Only

Key Points

• As a general rule as per Income Tax Act in India, only income earned by or on behalf of the minor child is to be clubbed in the income of the parent whose income (excluding the minor's income) is greater.
• According to income tax laws in many jurisdictions, income earned by minor children from assets gifted to them by relatives (like the uncle in this case) is clubbed with the income of the parent whose total income is greater. Therefore, this income (Minor son's earned interest on deposits of money gifted to him by his uncle, Rs. 15,000) is likely to be clubbed with Mr. Q's income.
• Similar to option C, income earned by minor children, including winnings from lotteries, is generally clubbed with the income of the parent whose total income is greater. Therefore, this income is likely to be clubbed with Mr. Q's income.

Additional Information

• The exceptions to this rule are when the minor child earns income through manual work or any activity involving his/her skill, talent, or specialized knowledge and experience. This exception applies to option D (minor daughter's earnings from sports) so it will not be clubbed with Mr. Q's income.
• Income from a spouse (A and B) is not clubbed with the income of the other spouse unless it falls under specific conditions like spouse's income generated from assets transferred without adequate consideration which is not the case in Options A and B.

Correct answer is A, E and B only

Key Points

• LLP = LLP is Limited Liability Partnership is a partnership where each partner's liability is limited to the extent of the amount they put in the business. Limited liability means if the partnership fails the creditors cannot go after the partner's personal assets.
• Features of LLP
  • LLP is a body corporate = LLP is a body corporate formed and incorporated under the Limited Liability Partnership Act 2008. It is a legal entity separate from its owners.
  • Perpetual succession = Unlike in partnership firm the LLP can continue its business operations even after the death, retirement, insanity or insolvency of one or more partners. It can enter into contracts and hold property in its name.
  • Separate legal entity = LLP is a separate legal entity means the owners and the business are separate from each other. The liability of the partner has certain limitations in their contribution to the LLP.
  • Mutual agency = All the partners in the LLP are agents of the LLP and not of the partners. It means that the partners are not bound by any acts done by the other partner. Every partner is independent and unauthorized by the actions done by the other partner.
  • LLP agreement = Agreement between all the partners governs the rights and duties of all the partners. If there is no agreement then the act governs the mutual rights and duties of the partners.
  • Limited liability = This is the most important feature of the LLP that it has limited liability. Limited liability means the liability to the extent of the amount that they put in the business. The partners are not liable to pay for the liabilities to the creditors from there personal assets.
  • Minimum and maximum number of partners = The minimum number of partners that an LLP should have is at least 2 partners and at least two designated partners out of which one should be resident of India. There is no maximum limit on the number of partners in the entity.
• Who can be members of an LLP
  • Resident Indians = Any resident of India who is competent to enter into the contract can become a member of an LLP. To form an LLP at least two designated partners are to be appointment one of whom shall be resident of India.
  • Limited Liability Partnership = An LLP can also become a member of an LLP  in India.
  • Companies including foreign companies = Foreign companies can also become a member of an LLP in India. However they must comply with the specific rules such as obtaining digital signatures and a director identification number. In addition to this it needs to take necessary approvals from RBI.

Correct answer is E, A and D Only

Key Points

• FDI = FDI stands for foreign direct investment. It refers to the investment made by the individual, organization or the government from one country into business that are located in another country. FDI involves acquiring interest in an enterprise abroad through the purchase of stocks, ownership stakes or the establishment of new ventures. FDI contribute to the economic growth, technology transfer and job creation. Different countries have different rules and regulations governing the FDI.
• The decision to invest by FDI is determined by the OLI paradigm which was formulated by an economist John Dunning. He states that OLI stands for Ownership, Location and Internalization.
  • Ownership advantage = The first consideration is the ownership advantage including proprietary information and ownership rights of the company. This may include branding, copyrights, trademark and the patents. It provides specific advantages to the parent company. Ownership advantages are considered to be intangible as it gives a relative competitive advantage such as reputation.
  • Location advantage = Location advantage is the second necessary decision while investing in the FDI. Companies must assess weather there is advantage or not for performing specific functions within a particular nation. This depends on the availability and cost of resources. Locational advantage refers to natural or created advantage which are generally immobile such as coal mines, gold mines, petroleum etc.
  • Internalization advantage = Internalization refers to the idea that a firm weather choose to internalize its activities rather than relying on external markets or a third party. Sometimes it is more beneficial or cost effective for an organization to operate from a different market or a third party while the business keep doing the work in house. So the business must think of outsourcing its production as it will benefit the business more in terms of cost.
• The OLI paradigm that is ownership advantage, location advantage and internalization advantage provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the factors that can influence the firm's decision to engage in Foreign Direct Investment or not.

Correct answer is Economic-value-to-customer pricing.

Key Points

• Economic-value-to-customer pricing focuses on assessing and setting the product's price based on the total value it delivers to the customer. This method integrates various inputs, including the buyer's perception of the product’s performance, the effectiveness and efficiency of the distribution channels, the quality of the product's warranty, the level of customer support, and softer attributes like the supplier's reputation, trustworthiness, and esteem. These factors together contribute to the overall perceived value the product offers to the customer, which this pricing strategy aims to quantify and capitalize on.

Additional Information

• Target rate-of-return pricing is a pricing strategy that sets the product’s price based on a predetermined return on investment (ROI) or specific profit targets. While it takes production costs into account, it is more internally focused on achieving financial objectives rather than directly on the customer's perceived value of the product.
• Auction-type pricing is a method where the final price of the product is determined through a bidding process. The selling price varies depending on how much buyers are willing to pay at that moment. It does not explicitly consider the composite aspects of value (like product image, channel deliverables, or supplier reputation) in setting the price. Instead, it relies on the competitive dynamics of the auction setting.
• Competitive pricing involves setting the price of a product or service based on what competitors are charging for similar products or services. While understanding the market landscape is crucial, this strategy primarily focuses on positioning against competitors' pricing rather than on the comprehensive value offered to the customer, as considered in economic-value-to-customer pricing.

The correct answers are B, C, and E.

Key Points Deemed Dividends under the Income Tax Act, 1961:

• Payment to shareholders on reduction of capital (B): Can be considered as deemed dividend to the extent of accumulated profits which are not utilized for the benefit of the business, akin to distribution of surplus.
• Distribution of debentures to shareholders (C): May be treated as a deemed dividend as per the Income Tax Act, 1961, when distribution to shareholders represents distribution out of accumulated profits.
• Loan granted to shareholders by a closely held company (E): Is considered as deemed dividend under Section 2(22)(e) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, specifically for loans or advances given by a closely held company to its shareholders.

 Additional Information

• Payment on buy-back of shares (A): Not classified as deemed dividend for the purpose of "Income from other sources" under the Income Tax Act, 1961, as Specific provisions like Section 115QA handle buy-back of share scenarios.
• Loan granted to shareholders in the ordinary course of business (D): Generally not deemed as a dividend under the Income Tax Act, 1961, as it falls outside the purview of dividends and is considered as a regular business transaction.

Hence, the options B. Payment to shareholders on reduction of capital, C. Distribution of debentures to shareholders, and E. Loan granted to shareholders by a closely held company, are deemed to be dividends for the purpose of computing income chargeable under the head, "Income from other sources", as per the Income Tax Act, 1961.

Correct answer is A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I

Key Points

• Breach of promise to marry = Breach of promise to marry means the to the legal concept in which one party fails to fulfill an agreement to marry the other, despite of making the promises to marry. In many jurisdictions this allows the aggrieved party seek the damages in terms of financial losses, emotional distress or harm suffered as a result of broken promise.
  • Remedy for breach of promise to marry is vindictive damage = Vindictive damage are awarded when one party in a contract breaches the contract and the other party is affected mentally such as emotional distress. It is to compensate the mental distress or injury cased to an aggrieved party.
• Part performance(as much as earned) = Part performance refers to the legal doctrine in contract law where one party has fulfilled some obligations but not all of the contractual obligations. This recognition often arises to prevent unjust and unfairness to the performing party. For example if some party has partly performed the contractual obligations under the contract, a court may enforce the to grant the equitable remedies.
  • Remedy for past performance is suit for quantum merit = A claim for the quantum merit is a quasi contract means there is no legal written contract between the two parties. It is made when one of the party has not performed all the contractual obligations under the contract then the aggrieved party may file a suit upon the quantum merit for the unfairness of the performing party.
• Absolvation from all obligations = It means a complete release or discharge from the duties, responsibilities, commitments and contractual obligations. This contract ensures that all the parties involved should agree to the clauses of the contract willingly for them to be legally binding.
  • Remedy for absolvation from all obligation is recession of contract = Recession of contract means the to rescind the contract or to cancel the contract at the option of the aggrieved or the affected party.
• Mode of securing the specific performance of negative terms of the contract = It includes any specific performance which will have a negative effect on the contract. It can be related to any mischief that is being played by a third party. If the defendant does something that he or she should not perform then the affected party can go to the court for the remedy.
  • Suit for Injunction =  An order from the court to restrain a person from doing anything is known as injunction. It is a legal action in which a party seeks a court order to prohibit another party from engaging in any act or certain actions.

Correct answer is Intermediaries

Key Points

• Intermediaries = Intermediaries also known as marketing channels are set of interdependent organizations involved in the process of marketing a product or a service available for use or consumption. Marketing channels helps to convert the potential buyers into profitable orders. The intermediaries can be of various types like wholesalers and retailers which buy the goods, take title and resell them others are agents which which search for the customer and negotiate on the producer's behalf for price and quality but do not take title of the goods and the last are facilitators they facilitate the sale and purchase but do not take title nor negotiate they include warehouses, banks, advertising agencies, transportation services.
• Roles of marketing channels
  • Many producers lack the financial resources to carry out the direct marketing so they opt for the marketing channels and the intermediaries for the purchase and sell of the product as it will be less costly and the product can reach the target market easily.
  • Producers can earn a greater return by increasing the investment in their own business and giving out the marketing task to the intermediaries. This makes the goods widely available and accessible to the target market. The intermediaries often provides the producers more than it can achieve on its own as now they can focus only on their business.
  • In some cases the direct marketing is not at all feasible because the then the producer will not be able to reach all the segments of the market because they do not have the contacts, experience, specializations which intermediaries have. This involves smooth flow of goods  services in the market and reaching all the target segments.

Additional Information

• Channel levels = Channel level shows the number of intermediaries that are working in a particular channel. There are mainly four types of channel levels                                          0 Level = Manufacturer ⇒ consumer ( direct marketing)                                                                                                                                                                                                 1Level = Manufacturer ⇒ wholesaler ⇒ consumer                                                                                                                                                                                                     2Level = Manufacturer ⇒ wholesaler ⇒ retailer ⇒ consumer                                                                                                                                                                                         3 Level= Manufacturer ⇒ wholesaler ⇒ jobber ⇒ retailer ⇒ consumer
• Number of intermediaries = Producer has to decide the number of intermediaries to use at each channel level. Three strategies are available for the producers that are
  • Exclusive distribution = It means when the producer limits the number of intermediaries and wants to have control over the service and the output like in case of auto mobiles and major appliances.
  • Selective distribution = It involves the use of more than few but less than of all the intermediaries who are willing to carry the product.
  • Intensive distribution = It involves placing the goods and service by the producer in as many outlets as possible. This strategy is used by the products like soap, snack foods, tobacco.

Correct answer is D, A and C Only

Key Points

• Channel members = Channel members are the entities and intermediaries involved in the distribution and sale of the product or services from the manufacturer to the customers. These members form a supply chain or the distribution channel to facilitate the sale of product.
• Channel power = Channel power is the ability of the manufactures and the company to alter the channel members behavior so that they take the actions they would have not taken otherwise. There are many powers through which a company can change or alter the channel members behavior which can be divided into subjective and objective powers.
  • Coercive power = Coercive power is the objective power which means a power that is based on the ability to punish and threaten the channel members. A manufacture threatens the channel members to terminate there relationships if they are not cooperative enough. This power is effective but it can lead to resentment among the employees and can generate the conflict between the channel members and the manufacturer.
  • Reward power = It is also the objective power as the manufacturers offers the members an extra benefit for performing the specific functions to achieve the objectives. The reward power is just opposite to coercive power as it involves the reward giving which motivates the channel members to give better results. But on the other hand this power can be overrated also as every time something smalls the members achieve they can come for the reward.
  • Legal power = Legal power is subjective in nature as it comes from the contractual agreement. In that contract the manufactures request a type of behavior that is required by the manufacturer. As long as the channel members or the intermediaries view the manufacturer as leader the legal power works for them.
  • Expert power = It is as subjective power in which the manufacturer knows that the channel members has a special value in the company. This type of power is not like reward or punishment rather it is based on the trust and credibility that is associated with the expertise possessed. So manufacturer must continue to develop new knowledge and expertise so that the intermediaries work cooperatively.
  • Referent power = It is also subjective in nature as it depends on the ability and the willingness of the parties that how they recognize it. Referent power means the influence the party holds due to the attractiveness, respect and the identification that others have with the company. If the manufacturer of the company is highly respected person then the channel members will be proud to be associated with it. It is a power based on the interpersonal relationship between the manufacturer and the intermediaries.

Correct answer is C, A, E, B, D

Key Points

• Price leadership = Price leadership occur when a dominant form sets the price for its product and services and other competitors follow by matching their prices accordingly. Price leadership is often followed in oligopolistic market where small number of large firm dominate the industry . Price leadership can help to stablize prices in an industry and reduce uncertainty. It is a signal to customers and competitor that the dominant firm has a strong market position however it can lead to anticompetitive behavior and collusion
• There are two main types of price leadership 
  • Dominant price leadership = In this the market leader or  the dominant firm takes the initiative to set the price of industry and other firms followed its lead .
  • Barometric price leadership = In this price leadership no single firm is recognized as  dominant or market leader. Instead of this a group of firm observed and react to each other's pricing decision .In this the prices keeps on changing as firms adjust the prices according to changes in the market environment or cost.
• Following is the sequences with regards to price leadership sustainability
  • The first step to sustainability is that the dominant firm set the price for the commodity in the industry and the other firms in the industry follow that price. This allows the dominant firm to maximize its profit and achieve the objective of its firm.
  • The smaller firm in the industry are allowed to sell at the price that they want as they do not take any risk by selling the product at a lower price than the prevailing market price as it can lead to the price war which smaller firms will not be able to sustain.
  • Then the dominant firm comes to fill the market that smaller firm can not do. The smaller firms are not able to satisfy the customers in terms of the price as they are selling at a higher prices to overcome the price war so the dominant firm comes into the market to satisfy the customers need.
  • Dominant firm acts as a residual supplier of the commodity to fill the market and balancing the demand and supply of the market so that their is no price war.
  • At last the dominant firm sets the price of the commodity and he is considered as the price leader, the smaller firm in the industry behave as price takers because they have to accept the price set by the dominant firm as they do not have any power to influence the prices of the market . This brings the stability in the price leadership by the dominant firm.

Correct answer is E, A, D, B, C 

Key Points

• Service differentiation = When the physical product cannot be easily differentiated the key to success in the competition lies in the valued services and improving them over time. The service differentiators process starts with ease of ordering, installation training and consultation, maintenance and repairs, returns and finally speed and timing of delivery.
  • Ease of ordering = The first process in service differentiators is ease of ordering. It refers to how easy it is for a customer to place an order with the company. The more it will be easy for the customers the more will be the sales and profits for the company. For example the the consumers are now able to order the groceries without going to the super market. One thing that should be care about is that the ordering process should be easy enough.
  • Speed and timing of delivery = The next step in the process of service differentiators is the speed and delivery of the product. Delivery refers to how well the the order of the product or service is delivered. Delivery should be fast and accurate and proper care should be taken in delivering the product. As fast as the delivery will be provided to the customers including the installation, training and consultations, maintenance and repairs the more satisfied the customers will be.
  • Installation, training and consultation = The second step in service differentiators is installation, training and consultation. It should be done as soon as possible after the order. Installation refers to the work done to make the product operational. Ease of installation becomes the important selling point. Here the customer training refers to the training of the customer's training to use the equipment properly and efficiently. Consultation refers to the data and information that is provided by the sellers to the buyers for the use of the equipment. This stage deals with the education part of the customer.
  • Maintenance and repairs = In this stage the service program for helping the customers to keep the product in the good working conditions. After the installation of the product there might be a problem in the product then the maintenance and the repairs services is used. The company which provides the best maintenance and repair services will have a good reputation in the market and that product will be purchased more.
  • Returns = The next step in the service differentiators is returns. If the product does not meet the specification which is required by the customers there should a policy of returning the product. The request for the return to the company by the customer should not be delayed otherwise it will be the negative effect on the company and the products.

Correct answer is C, D and E Only

Key Points

• A company's positioning and differentiation strategies must be changed as the product, market and the competitors change over the product life cycle. The product life cycle has to purport four main things which are
  • Product have a limited life cycle.
  • Product sales pass through various stages which has different challenges, opportunities and problems to the seller.
  • Profits may rise or fall at different stages of product life cycle.
  • Products require different manufacturing, financial, marketing and purchasing and human resource strategies at each level of the product life cycle.
• Product life cycle has four stages which are introduction, growth, maturity and decline.
  • Introduction stage = As the product is introduced in the market the sales growth will be slow and profits will be nonexistent because of the heavy expenses of product introduction. The strategies that are followed in the introduction stages are are intensive advertisement campaign should be run for the product to inform the potential customers and induce the product trial, the basis of selection of middlemen should be selective because the expenses are high, and the pricing of the product should be based on the normal profit policy.
  • Growth stage = In this stage the customer starts accepting the product and the sales starts to increase. The promotion of the good becomes more focused, distribution points also increases rapidly. At this stage the company will maintain the higher price to earn the maximum amount of profits. As the production increases the cost per unit of product will decrease. The strategies that are followed in this stage are improvement in the product quality and adding new product features and improved styling, it adds new models of the product and increases the distribution channels.
  • Market maturity stage = In this stage the sales become stagnant and starts to decrease slowly. Competition is very fast at this stage as many new competitors enter the market. Due to competition the company increases the promotion and this increase the pressure on the profits. The strategies adopted in this stage are to reduce the price of the product to attract the price sensitive customers and new uses of the products should be discovered and efforts should be made to bring novelty in the products by changing the color, shape and size etc.
  • Market decline stage = This is the stage when the market starts to decline and it is the final stage of the product life cycle. Also known as market death stage. At this stage the product either becomes obsolete or in place of this product and improved product enters into the market. The strategies that are followed in death stage are to advertise the product to increase the demand of the product and to properly plan and implement the the policies to survive against the competition and in case of losses sell the loss making products of the company.

The correct answer is Pacman defense 

Key Points 

• When a target company makes a counter bid for the stock of the bidder, the defensive strategy in reference is called Pacman defense 
• The Pacman defense is a strategic maneuver employed by a target company to lend off a hostile takeover bid by turning the tables on the would-be acquirer.
• The term is derived from the popular arcade game Pac-Man, where the titular character turns the tables on its pursuers by consuming them instead. Similarly, in the context of corporate takeovers, the target company attempts to "devour" or acquire the entity that initially sought to acquire it.
• Initially, a company (the bidder) launches a hostile takeover bid to acquire the target company.
• In response to the hostile takeover attempt, the target company adopts the Pacman defense strategy.
• By making a counter bid, the target company gains several strategic advantages
• Implementing a Pacman defense requires careful consideration of legal and regulatory implications.
• The Pacman defense can lead to negotiation and dialogue between the target company and the bidder.
• Both parties may seek to reach a mutually beneficial agreement, such as a merger or acquisition on favorable terms, to resolve the standoff.

Additional Information 

• Greenmail is a defensive strategy where a target company repurchases its own stock from a potential acquirer at a premium, thus making the takeover attempt less financially attractive for the acquirer.
• A poison pill is a strategy used by a target company to defend itself against an unwanted takeover bid. It involves the issuance of new shares or rights to existing shareholders, which dilutes the ownership stake of the acquirer, making the acquisition more expensive and less attractive.
• Golden parachute refers to a compensation package offered to top executives of a company in the event of a change in ownership or control, typically following a merger or acquisition. This package provides lucrative benefits to key executives if they are terminated or if there is a change in control of the company.

The correct answer is A, D, E Only 

Key Points

• Pre-experimental designs are the simplest form of research design and do not involve any kind of control or comparison group.
• Pre-experimental designs like the ones mentioned lack crucial elements such as random assignment, control groups, or pre-intervention measurements, which are essential for establishing causality and ruling out alternative explanations for observed effects.

 Important Points

• One-group pre test-post test: This design involves measuring a single group of participants before and after they have been exposed to some intervention or treatment. The main limitation of this design is the lack of a control group. Without a comparison group, it's challenging to attribute any observed changes solely to the intervention, as there could be other factors influencing the results.
• Static group comparison: In this design, two separate groups are compared, but participants are not randomly assigned to groups. One group receives the treatment (experimental group), and the other does not (control group). The major limitation of this design is the lack of random assignment, which means that the groups may differ systematically before the treatment, making it difficult to determine whether any differences observed after the treatment are due to the treatment itself or pre-existing differences between the groups.
• After-only study: This design involves measuring the outcome of interest only after the treatment has been administered, without any pre-intervention measurements or control group. The key limitation of this design is the absence of baseline data or a control group, making it challenging to establish causality or determine whether any observed outcomes are truly attributable to the treatment.

The correct answer is 24 months

Key Points 

• Subsection (8A) of Section 139 of the Income Tax Act pertains to the provision for filing a revised return of income, commonly known as an updated return.
• This provision allows individuals to correct any errors or omissions in the original return filed for a particular assessment year.
• A revised return is a modified version of the original return filed by a taxpayer for a specific assessment year. It is filed when the taxpayer realizes that there are mistakes or important information that was not included in the original return.
• The purpose of allowing revised returns is to provide taxpayers with the opportunity to rectify any errors or omissions in their original return. This ensures that the taxpayer's income is accurately reported, which in turn helps in computing the correct tax liability.

Additional Information 

• Taxpayers can file a revised return only if they have already filed the original return within the due date specified under Section 139(1) of the Income Tax Act.
• Additionally, the revised return can be filed multiple times before the end of the relevant assessment year or before completion of the assessment, whichever is earlier.
• To file a revised return, taxpayers need to use the same form that was used for filing the original return.
• They must mention that it is a revised return and provide details of the original acknowledgment number and date of filing.
• The revised return should include all corrections and amendments to the original return.

The correct answer is The Static Theory

Key Points 

• The theory of capital structure that articulates that a firm borrows up to the point where the tax benefit from extra debt is exactly equal to the cost that comes from the increased probability of financial distress is known as the "static theory."
• The static theory, also known as the trade-off theory, suggests that there is an optimal capital structure for a firm where the tax advantage of debt is balanced against the costs of financial distress.
• In other words, a firm will continue to add debt until the marginal tax benefit of debt equals the marginal cost of financial distress.
• Debt provides tax shields in the form of interest expense deductions, which reduce the taxable income of the firm, resulting in lower tax payments.
• As the firm increases its debt level, the tax benefit from interest payments also increases.

Additional Information

• However, as the firm takes on more debt, it also faces increased financial distress costs, such as bankruptcy costs, agency costs, and the potential for loss of reputation and business opportunities.
• These costs rise with higher levels of debt due to increased risk of default.
• According to the static theory, the firm's optimal capital structure is achieved when the tax benefit of debt is precisely offset by the costs associated with financial distress.
• At this point, further increases in debt would not provide any net benefit to the firm.

The correct answer is E, B and A Only

Key Points 

• In India, under Goods and Services Tax (GST) Law, the threshold limit for compulsory registration is Rs. 20 lakh for suppliers of goods and/or services across most states.
• However, for certain special category states, the threshold limit for compulsory registration is Rs. 10 lakh. As of the time of my last update in September 2021, the states of Arunachal Pradesh (A), Meghalaya (B), and Sikkim (E) are not classified as special category states, which means the registration requirement threshold is Rs. 20 lakh for supply of goods and/or services in these states.

Additional Information 

• Sikkim is one of the states in India where every supplier of goods and/or services is required to obtain registration if their aggregate turnover exceeds the threshold limit of Rs. 20 lakh for the supply of goods and/or services. This means that businesses operating in Sikkim need to register for Goods and Services Tax (GST) if their turnover exceeds the specified threshold.
• Similar to Sikkim, Meghalaya also mandates registration for suppliers of goods and/or services whose aggregate turnover exceeds the threshold limit of Rs. 20 lakh. Therefore, businesses in Meghalaya need to obtain GST registration if their turnover crosses the specified limit.
• Arunachal Pradesh is another state where GST registration is required for suppliers of goods and/or services with an aggregate turnover exceeding Rs. 20 lakh. This aligns with the GST regulations applicable across India, ensuring uniformity in registration requirements.

The correct answer is Going concern convention 

Key Points

• The going concern convention assumes that a company will continue its operations indefinitely.
• This allows the business to spread the cost of an asset over its expected lifespan.
• As a result, it is considered reasonable under the going concern convention to use the historical cost (the original cost at which the asset was acquired) to record long-lived assets.
• This is because under this convention, assets are not generally intended to be liquidated immediately, but are used over a period of time to generate revenues.

Additional Information

• The entity concept, also known as the entity assumption or separate entity concept, is a fundamental accounting principle that separates the finances of the business from those of its owners or other entities. It treats the business as a distinct economic entity, independent of its owners.
• The materiality convention states that only items that significantly affect financial decisions or the economic condition of the business need to be reported. This convention guides accountants in determining which transactions or events should be recorded in the financial statements.
• The periodicity convention, also known as the time period assumption, assumes that the economic activities of a business can be divided into discrete time periods for financial reporting purposes.

The correct answer is C, D, A, E, B

Key Points 

• The chronological order of some key rounds of multilateral trade negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which later led to the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
• Annecy Round (1950): The second round of GATT negotiations took place in Annecy, France, in 1949, not in 1950. This round primarily focused on further tariff reductions on industrial goods.
• Torquay Round (1950-1951): The third round of GATT negotiations occurred in Torquay, England, from 1950 to 1951. This round aimed to further reduce tariffs and trade barriers, particularly focusing on agricultural products.
• Kennedy Round (1964-1967): The sixth round of GATT negotiations, known as the Kennedy Round, was held in Geneva, Switzerland, from 1964 to 1967. The Kennedy Round focused on further tariff reductions, particularly in sectors such as chemicals, textiles, and agricultural products.
• The Tokyo Round was the seventh round of GATT negotiations, spanning from 1973 to 1979. It involved 102 nations and aimed to address non-tariff barriers to trade, such as quotas, subsidies, and technical barriers.
• Doha: Under the banner of WTO, the Doha Development Round of World Trade Organization negotiations aimed to lower trade barriers around the world and launched in 2001.

Additional Information

• Both GATT and the WTO have played significant roles in promoting international trade, fostering economic growth, and ensuring a rules-based trading system.
• While GATT focused primarily on tariff reduction, the WTO covers a broader range of trade issues and has a more robust institutional structure for trade governance.

The correct answer is Both Statement I and Statement II are true

Key Points

• Both statements accurately describe the characteristics and issuance of ordinary treasury bills and ad hoc treasury bills
• Ordinary treasury bills (T-bills) are indeed marketable securities issued by the government to raise short-term funds.
• They are typically sold through auctions to a wide range of investors, including the public and financial institutions such as banks, mutual funds, and insurance companies.
• Moreover, T-bills are traded in the secondary market, allowing investors to buy and sell them before their maturity date.
• Ad hoc treasury bills are special short-term securities issued by the government, usually to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), to meet temporary mismatches in its receipts and expenditures.
• These bills are not typically issued to the public or other financial institutions but are instead used as a mechanism for the government to borrow directly from the RBI.
• The RBI may issue currency notes against these ad hoc treasury bills, effectively monetizing the government's debt.

Additional Information

• Treasury bills (T-bills) are short-term debt securities issued by the government to raise funds.
• They are typically sold at a discount from their face value and mature in a relatively short period, ranging from a few days to a year. T-bills are considered one of the safest investments because they are backed by the full faith and credit of the government.

The correct answer is C, A and E Only

Key Points

• The trademarks can be broadly classified into Generic, Descriptive and Invented categories.
• The three categories of trademarks Generic, Descriptive, and Invented represent different levels of distinctiveness and eligibility for trademark protection.
• Understanding these categories is essential for businesses and individuals seeking to develop and protect their brand identity.

Additional Information 

• Descriptive trademarks are those that directly describe the product or service being offered. These trademarks are often not distinctive and may not be eligible for trademark protection unless they acquire secondary meaning. For example, "The Shoe Store" for a shoe store would be considered descriptive.
• Generic terms are common names for products or services and cannot function as trademarks because they do not distinguish the goods or services of one provider from another. Using a generic term as a trademark would give one company exclusive rights to use that term, which would be unfair to competitors and against the purpose of trademark law. For example, "Computer" used as a trademark for computers would be considered generic.
• Invented trademarks are those that are coined or created solely for the purpose of functioning as a trademark. These trademarks are typically the strongest and most protectable because they are inherently distinctive and have no other meaning apart from identifying the source of the goods or services. For example, "Kodak" for cameras and film is an invented trademark.

Key Points

• XBRL( extensible Business Reporting Language) is an open international standard for digital business reporting.
• It enables the companies to report their financial statements in a structured and machine readable format which makes it easier to analyse complex business information, thus improving transparency, accuracy, efficiency of financial reports.
• XBRL has been widely adopted across the world as an open standard for financial reporting purposes.
• It offers multiple benefits to all the producers and Consumers of financial data in terms of  cost saving, accuracy, reliability, flexibility and efficiency in handling business and financial information.

Additional Information

• CSR reporting (Corporate social responsibility reporting ) is used to report the firm's CSR policy, composition of CSR committee and the allocation of CSR expenditure to various social projects and programmes.
• TBL ( Triple bottom Line) reporting is used to measure the financial, social and environment performance of a company over a period of time.
• PPP ( Public private partnership reporting) refers to reporting the information about the public private partnership projects so that the stakeholders can assess the performance of the PPP projects.

Key Points

• Most innovational are incremental. This because most of the technological innovations make small scale, gradual and continuous improvements on the existing products and services. Products are modified and improved to make them more efficient and user friendly. For example, TV has seen considerable incremental innovation in terms of improvement in design, functions, resolution and picture quality.
• Most innovations involve commercial utilisation of ideas. Innovations create products that have a commercial value. Innovations develop products which are commercially successful. This is done by marketing and distributing the product to the market and exploiting it for profit maximisation. For example, smart phones have created a substantial commercial and economic value to the manufacturers.
• The risk in introducing innovations is high as new technologies require huge investment in terms of financial investment, time and expertise. The innovations encounter various challenges due to the uncertainties in the market which involve risks of market positioning, technical barriers, changing customer needs and preferences and economic and political fluctuations.

Additional Information

• Innovations are stimulated by domestic rivalry and geographic concentrations. Rivalry in a competitive market stimulates the firms to differentiate, improve and innovate their products in order to gain a larger market share. Geographic clusters facilitate exchange of knowledge and creative ideas which results in innovative methods of saving costs, transfer of technology and fosters technological advancements.
• Isoquants are curves that show various combinations of inputs that result in a certain level of output. Isoquants can depict technological advancements by showing different combinations of inputs that result in same level of output using different technological conditions.

Key Points

• South Asian Free Trade Agreement categorises India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka as Non- least Developed Contracting States. These are relatively more economically developed within the region. These states have higher levels of income, infrastructure and industrialisation.
• Bangladesh and Bhutan are categorised as Least Developed Contracting states. These states are designated as Least Developed Country by the United Nations. These are low income countries who confront various economic challenges and are more vulnerable to external shocks.
• All contracting states provide special and more favourable treatment exclusively to the Least Developed contracting states with regards to enhancing exports from LDCs, providing technical assistance and assisting them in expansion of trade.
• The agreement contains rules where safeguard measures are not applied against products originating in Least Developed contracting states.

Additional Information

• SAFTA is a free trade agreement of the South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SSARC), which came into effect on 1 January, 2006.
• SAFT signatory countries are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka , Maldives and Nepal.
• The  primary objective of the SAFTA agreement is to promote mutual trade and economic cooperation among the member countries by eliminating barriers to trade and promoting conditions of fair competition in the free trade area.

The correct answer is 'Turquand Rule'

Key Points

• Turquand Rule:
  • The Turquand Rule, also known as the "Indoor Management Rule," states that outsiders dealing with a company are entitled to assume that internal company rules are observed.
  • This rule exempts outsiders from investigating whether the company's internal procedures have been properly followed, thus protecting them from the doctrine of constructive notice which implies that everyone is presumed to know the contents of a company's public documents.
  • The Turquand Rule provides a safeguard against the complexities that outsiders might face if they were required to verify that every internal procedure of the company was correctly followed.

Additional Information

• Doctrine of Subrogation:
  • This doctrine pertains to insurance and indemnity law, allowing one party (usually an insurance company) to "step into the shoes" of another by assuming their legal rights and claims.
  • It is unrelated to corporate internal management or the doctrine of constructive notice.
• Doctrine of Ultra Vires:
  • This doctrine states that actions taken by a company outside the scope of its charter or articles of association are void and cannot be ratified, even if approved by all shareholders.
  • While it concerns the limits of corporate power, it does not provide an exception to the doctrine of constructive notice.
• Corporate Veil:
  • The corporate veil separates the personality of a corporation from its shareholders, protecting them from being personally liable for the company’s debts and obligations.
  • This concept deals with liability and does not address the exceptions to the doctrine of constructive notice.

Key Points

• Domestic monetary policy:  When a country's currency is accepted as a reserve currency, the country's ability to conduct independent domestic monetary policy comes into conflict because any changes in the domestic money supply or interest rates can have international consequences.
• External currency policy: The policies which are aimed at maintaining the exchange rate stability can come in conflict with the domestic objectives as such policies can hamper the policies like price stability or devaluation of currency.
• Foreign Trade policy: When a country's currency is used as a reserve currency it strengthens the currency's exchange rate. A strong currency cam affect a country's export an import market, making the exports costlier and imports cheaper, thus disrupting the balance of payments. Conflict may arise when the country wants to promote exports and protect its domestic industries.

Additional Information

• Reserve currency is a globally recognised foreign currency that is held by other countries as a part of their foreign exchange reserves.
• A reserve currency is easily convertible and has a stable value. The US dollar is the dominant reserve currency, with a share of 61% of global reserves.
• A reserve currency reduces the exchange rate risks there is no risk of exchanging the currency while making payments.

Key Points 

• Pre conventional: At this stage of moral development, an individual makes moral decisions to adhere to the rules of the organisation in order to avoid punishment or seek any personal benefit. The behaviour of the individuals is determined by the consequences.
• Conventional : In the conventional stage, individuals make moral decisions in conformity to the social rules or norms. The individuals support rules that are set by the society to maintain harmony and uphold social order.
• Principal oriented : At the principle oriented level, they make decisions on the basis of moral principles and values. They prioritise ethical principles such as justice, fairness, human rights over personal or societal norms. Impartiality, dignity, equality and a just society are values that are considered universal.

Key Points

• This assertion implies that anyone involved in the formation of a company is a promoter. However, this can be too broad because not everyone involved in the formation necessarily has the role of a promoter. For example, legal advisors or initial investors may not be considered promoters even if they contribute to the formation.
• Reason R: A promoter is the one who undertakes to form a company with reference to a given object and who takes the necessary steps to accomplish that purpose.
• This definition accurately describes a promoter as someone actively and deliberately involved in setting up the company with a specific goal and taking steps to achieve it. This is a precise and widely accepted definition of a promoter.

so,

• A is not entirely correct because the assertion that anyone associated with the formation of the company is a promoter is overly broad and not universally true.
• R is correct as it provides a more precise and universally accepted definition of what a promoter does.

Hence, The answer is A is not correct but R is correct.

Key Points

• Saurashtra Gramin Bank is a Regional Rural Bank which was formed in 1978 after amalgamation of three banks. It is owned by Government of India, Government of Gujarat and State bank of India.
• Arunachal Pradesh Rural bank was established in 1983 under Regional Rural Bank Act, 1976. It operates in entire Arunachal Pradesh. It is sponsored by State bank of India, Government of India and Government of Arunachal Pradesh.
• Madhyanchal Gramin Bank was established in 2006. It is joint venture go Government of India, State Bank of India and Government of Madhya Pradesh. It caters to over 13 districts of Madhya Pradesh.
• Rajasthan Marudhara Gramin Bank was formed in 2014 after the amalgamation of Marudhara Gramin Bank and Mewar Aanchalik Gramin Bank.
• Telangana Gramin Bank, formerly known as Deccan Grameena Bank was formed in 2015. It is sponsored by Government of India, Telangana government and State bank of Hyderabad.

Additional Information

• Regional rural Banks are scheduled commercial banks which operate at regional level in different states of the country. Thy were established under the Regional rural Banks Act, 1976.
• RRBs provide credit facility, deposit facility and other banking facilities to rural and semi urban areas.
• RRBs are owned by government of India, the sponsor bank and the concerned State government.
• Regional Rural Banks are regulated by RBI and supervised by NABARD.

Key Points

• Assertion A : The statement highlights the fact that persons with high self esteem are less influenced by others. They make their own decisions and do not need others approval. They are confident about their abilities in accomplishing the goals. They have a purpose and their purpose is aligned with their principles and values. Moreover, people with high self esteem are more effective in social networking than the people with low self esteem. They have excellent communication and persuasive skills. Their confidence and positive mindset allows them to be more confident in social situations.
• Reason R: People with higher self esteem tend to report fewer negative emotions than people with low esteem. High esteemed people have a positive frame of mind and a stronger sense of self worth. They tend to manage their emotions effectively in times of a setback or challenges and do not fall into the trap of negativity as they have an optimistic outlook on life. The people with low self esteem are less resilient and are more likely to focus on the problem rather than the solution.
• The Reason R is does not correctly explain the Assertion as there is no explicit connection between negative emotions and susceptibility to influence, confidence or social networking skills.

Correct answer is Universal access to financial services

Key Points

• Financial inclusion = Financial inclusion refers to the availability and equality of opportunities to access the financial services and products that meet their needs such as transactions, payments, savings, credit facilities. Financial inclusion strives to remove the barriers that exclude the people from participating in the financial sector. It is also called inclusive finance. It leads to overall innovation, economic growth and consumer knowledge.
• Importance of financial inclusion
  • Financial inclusion reduces poverty and inequality = Financial inclusion provides various opportunities to the marginalized and poor people to access the normal financial services such as savings, credit facilities, insurance, transactions and payments. By providing theses tools the financial inclusion can help to lift the people out of poverty and reduce the inequalities.
  • Promotes economic growth = When more people have access to the financial services and the products they can participate actively in the economy. When the financial inclusion is increased it will lead to increase investment and savings which in turn would lead to economic growth.
  • Promotes small business = Due to financial inclusion the the small business will be able to get the credit facilities much easily. As the credit will be available easily more and more small business can emerge and grow.
  • Financial inclusion promotes innovation = Financial inclusion drives innovation in financial sector leading to development of new technologies that will benefit to the underserved population. By innovating new technologies there will be economic growth and the people will get more educated.
• Barriers to financial inclusion
  • The first barrier in financial inclusion is extreme poverty because people with little or no money does not require any financial services.
  • The next barrier is lack of knowledge. As the poor people have lack of knowledge they cannot get the benefit of the services provided by the financial institutions.
  • While opening the accounts the high minimum balance also serve as a barrier to financial inclusion because poor people have little or no money at all.

Correct answer is A, B and C Only

Key Points

• Debt Equity ratio = Debt Equity ratio reveals the relationship between the internal and external sources of the funds of a firm. Ideal debt equity ratio is 1:1. A debt equity ratio is helpful to assess the company's financial leverage and risk and in turn this ratio will be helpful to the investors that weather to invest in the company or not. A low debt equity ratio provides sufficient safety margin to creditors and a high debt equity ratio shows that the claims of the creditors are greater then those of the owners hence lesser safety. To summarize the debt to equity ratio is valuable to the stakeholders or the investors to see and study the company's financial structure and suitability for investment and lending.
  • Formulae = External Equities / Internal Equities
    • External Equity = Total outside liabilities that is short term and long term loans.
    • Internal equities = Equity and preference share capital + total amount of reserves and surplus - accumulated losses and deferred expenses.
• Price earning ratio = Price earning ratio helps in the assessment of the profitability of the firm from the point view of the shareholders or the investors. With the help of this ratio one will come to know that weather the share is overvalued or undervalued. If the price earning ratio is high it means the share is overvalued and in case if the price earning ratio is less then the share is undervalued.
  • Formulae = Market price of the share / Earning per share
• Dividend yield = This ratio shows the rate of return to the shareholders in the form of dividend on market price of the share. In other words dividend yield ratio is an useful tool for investors to assess the income potential of a stock relative to its market price.
  • Formulae = (Dividend per share / Market price per share) * 100
• Assets turnover ratio = Assets turnover ratio is a type of activity ratio which indicates the number of times the assets are turned over in a year in relation to sales which is used by the business to see that its assets are effectively utilized or not. A high ratio indicates an effective utilization of investment in assets and a low ratio indicates that the assets are not properly utilized in comparison to sales.
  • Formulae = Net sales or COGS / Total assets
    • Total assets = Fixed assets - depreciation + Current assets
• Debtor turnover ratio = Debtors turnover ratio is a valuable tool for assessing the efficiency of the company's credit and collection policies. It also provides knowledge about the cash flow management and help to identify the potential credit risk. A high ratio indicates efficiency in collection from the debtors and a low ratio indicates the inefficiency in collection of payments.
  • Formulae = Net credit sales / Average receivables

Correct answer is Skill-development services.

Key Points 

• Yoga Training and Coaching for Basketball: According to the GST regime in India, services provided by an entity registered under Section 12AB (which pertains to charitable organizations under the Income Tax Act, 1961) relating to education (including physical education and sports), health care, religion, spirituality, or yoga are generally exempt from GST, provided these services are part of achieving the entity's objectives and are not conducted with a profit motive. This is outlined under specific entries in the notification on GST exemptions for services.

  The rationale behind exempting yoga training is its recognition as promoting health, spirituality, or religion that aligns with charitable activities. Similarly, sports coaching, specifically for teenagers in this context, could potentially be aligned with educational or charitable activities aimed at the development of an individual, thereby possibly falling under exemptions if it fulfills certain criteria related to charitable objectives.

• Skill-development Services: The services provided related to skill development to individuals over the age of 65 do not specifically fall within the broad categories typically exempted—like healthcare, education, religious, or spiritual activities directly. The GST law and its exemptions primarily focus on services that directly contribute to education, healthcare, religion, or social welfare. While skill development can be a part of educational services, the specificity regarding the age group (persons over the age of 65 years) and the nature of these - not being explicitly educational (part of a curriculum) or for persons with disabilities - might not qualify for GST exemption under the typically recognized categories.

Correct answer is Competence, consistency, communication abilities and control sharing readiness

Key Points

• Effective mentoring = An effective mentoring involves active listening, providing constructive feedback, setting clear and goals and keep a supportive and open communication among the mentees so that they can develop both personally and professionally. A successful mentor will share the experiences, provide the guidance and encourages the critical thinking. Celebrating the achievements of the mentees and promoting the self reflection contribute to a positive mentoring relationship. So in summary there are four parameters which contributes to effective mentoring.
  • Competence = Competence refers to the mentor's ability and knowledge in their respective field. The mentor should have expertise in his own field so that he can teach to his mentee effectively. Along with expertise he should also have interpersonal skills and feedback skills. He should also keep him updated on industry trends this will lead to continuous learning.
  • Consistency = Consistency means the regularity of the mentor which can build the trust of the mentees over time. It is effective in mentoring when it involves regular meetings which helps to maintain continuity and allows for ongoing support or guidance. Consistent feedback is also important as it ensures that the mentee receives a steady flow of information for development.
  • Communication abilities = By prioritizing effective communication mentors can build strong connections with their mentees leading to guidance and development. Communication abilities includes the following active listening, clarity in communication so that the goals are understandable, openness in communication so that the mentee feels comfortable sharing their challenges and aspirations.
  • Control sharing readiness  = Control sharing readiness shows the mentor's willingness to allow the mentee to participate and make various decisions and take ownership of their own learning process leading to confidence of the mentee's abilities and motivating them to take more such decisions.

Correct answer is Assigns a probability to each possible value of the random variable.

Key Points

• Discrete probability distribution = A discrete probability distribution is a probability distribution that depicts the occurrence of discrete outcomes. In a discrete probability distribution each outcome has a specific probability assigned to it. A discrete probability distribution assigns a probability to each possible value of the random variable. Discrete distribution doesn't just range between -1 and +1 as it depends on the specific set of outcomes. There are 3 types of discrete probability distributions that are Binominal distribution, Poisson distribution and multi nominal distribution.
• Binominal distribution = Binominal distribution is also known as Bernoulli distribution. It is a discrete probability distribution expressing the probability of one set of dichotomous alternative that us success or failure.
  • Assumptions
    • An experiment is performed under the same conditions for a fixed number of trials say "n".
    • In each trial there are only two possible outcomes of the experiment that are success and failure.
    • The probability of success is denoted as p which remains constant from trial to trial on replacement. The probability of failure is denoted as q and is equal to (1-p).
    • The trials are statistically independent.
• Poisson distribution = It is a discrete probability distribution which was developed by French mathematician Simeon Devis Poisson. It may be expected in cases where the chance of any individual event being a success is small such as number of accidents on road. Also known as law of improbable events. All Poisson distribution are skewed to the right. Since the value of success is very small, the value of failure is almost equal to 1.
• Multi nominal distribution = Multi nominal distribution arises when the possibility of outcome is more than two. The probabilities of various outcomes remains the same for each trial, and the trials are independent. The sum of all the probabilities for all the outcomes in a multi nominal distribution is equal to 1.

Correct answer is A, B, D, and E Only 

Key Points

• Five number summary  = Five numbers summary is a part of the descriptive statistics and consist of five values and all these values help us to describe the data. This statistics helps to provide an overview of the central tendency, spread and overall shape of the data distribution. The summary consists of the following five statistics.
  • Median = The median is the middle value in a data when the data is ordered either in ascending or descending order. It separates the first half with the last half. In case of even number in the data the median is the average of the two middle values. It is simple to compute and is not affected by the extreme values in the dataset. It is appropriate average in dealing with the qualitative data that is where ranks are given. The disadvantages of using median is that its value is not determined by each and every observation and before computing the average it is necessary to arrange the data.
  • First quartile = First quartile is the value below 25% of the data in the distribution. In other words it is the 25th percentile. It is an essential part of the summary of five numbers as it provides an insight into the spread of the lower portion of the data distribution. First quartile is the median of the first half of the data. It is denoted as Q1.
  • Third quartile = Third quartile denoted as Q3 is the value below 75% of the data in the distribution. It is 75th percentile. It is also an important part of the summary of five numbers as it provides an insight into the spread of the higher portion of the data distribution. Along with the first quartile it can be used for calculating the interquartile range. Third quartile is the median of the upper half of the data.
  • Smallest value = Smallest value is the minimum value in the dataset. It provides the distribution about the lower floor of the data distribution.
  • Largest value = Largest value is the highest or the maximum value in the data set. It provides information about the upper bound or ceiling of the data distribution. The smallest value and the largest value both helps in understanding the extreme values and helps in assessing the range and variability of the dataset.

Correct answer is Niryat Bandhu Scheme

Key Points

• Foreign trade policy = Foreign Trade Policy refers to a government's guidelines and regulations related to international trade. It includes tariffs, trade agreements and other measures to regulate the import and export. The main objective of foreign trade policy is to promote economic growth of the country. Schemes that have been implemented by the foreign trade policy is Niryat Bandhu Scheme.
• Niryat Bandhu Scheme = This scheme was introduced on 13 October 2011 as part of the foreign trade policy 2009-2014. This scheme was implemented by the Director General of Foreign Trade under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
• Objectives of Niryat Bandhu Scheme
  • Mentor new and potential exporters on the intricacies of foreign trade through counselling, training and outreach programmes so that they can reach the international trade.
  • To boost exports from India.
  • The primary goal of the Niryat Bandhu Scheme is to improve international business and to ensure that all the activities are carried in a legitimate manner.
  • The Niryat portal is committed to analyze India's export and import in a comprehensive manner so as to guide and mentor the next generation of entrepreneurs entering the field of international trade.
• Benefits of Niryat Portal
  • The Niryat portal will help to bring a positive change in the field of trade and commerce especially for MSMEs.
  • It is easy to use as the user has to login with their username and password and access the trade information easily.
  • This portal is organized by the professionals who have a great knowledge in the area of export and import. So the users will the authentic information.

Correct answer is Coupons

Key Points

• Personal Selling = Personal selling is an art of convincing the prospects to buy the given products and services. It is a two way communication as it involves face to face contact between the sales man and the prospect. Personal selling is the ability to convert the human needs into the wants.
• Features of personal selling
  • It is one of the important tools for increasing the sales of the company.
  • It is a two way communication between the prospects.
  • It is a persuading process to buy the goods and services.
  • The essence of personal selling is the interpretation of products and services in terms of benefit and advantage.
• Methods for generating sales lead in personal selling
  • ​Networking = Networking is an important sales lead in personal selling. Networking can be increased by attending industry events, conferences, and seminars to meet the potential clients and the prospects. Company can use online platform also such as LinkedIn.
  • Referrals = Sales can be increased through referrals also. Referrals means encouraging the satisfied customers to refer to other who might be interested in the product or services.
  • Cold calling = Initiate contact with the prospects and the potential customers through phone calls. This can lead to increase the sales of the company.
  • Email marketing = Company can build an email list and those mails to the targeted customers to increase the sales. In emails provide valuable content and incentives to encourage engagement.
  • Social media = Social media platforms are very important way to increase sales as they can connect company to the potential customers.
  • Trade shows and exhibitions = Trade shows and exhibitions provide opportunities to meet the potential clients face to face and showcase the product or services.
• Process of personal selling 
  • The first step in the personal selling is to identify and qualify the prospects. Companies can qualify the prospects by contacting them by emails or calls.
  • The next step is that the salesman need to learn about the prospects as much as possible.
  • The salesman now should tell the prospect about the product characteristics, features, advantages and benefits.
  • The next step is to overcome the objections raised by the prospect. The objections are related to price, delivery schedule or quality.
  • Now the salesperson attempts to close the sale and change the potential customer into the customer.

Correct answer is Individual opinions are independent of collective opinions.

Key Points

• Collectivism = Collectivism is the social or political ideology that emphasizes the importance of collective or group interest over individual interest. It will promote cooperation, responsibility and a sense of community. In a collectivism society there is focus on group harmony, collaboration and well being of the community.
• Characteristics of collectivism
  • Group harmony = Group harmony is maintaining harmony within the group. It is the central value in the collectivism. Due to group harmony conflict is avoided and individuals are encouraged and agree to societal norms and expectations.
  • Emphasis on community = Collectivism emphasis on community's well being rather than the individual interest. Due to this there will be strong sense of community, shared responsibility and cooperation.
  • Support and collaboration = Through collectivism there will be more support and collaboration among the members of the company. In this relations take precedence over the task and individuals often see themselves as a part of larger whole.
  • Group loyalty = In collectivism the members are expected to prioritize the interest  of their in group over out group members. Through this the goals of the company will be achieved easily.
• Advantages of collectivism
  • Collectivism leads to higher unity and harmony so there is much sense of togetherness and community.
  • Due to collectivism society tends to feel as if they have stronger support of friends, family and extended family.
  • In collectivism there is a felling of loyalty among the members of the group.
• Disadvantages of collectivism
  • Collectivism prioritize the group so they focus less on the individual uniqueness or diversity.
  • Collectivism emphasizes the interest of the group over the interest of the individuals which means self expression is not encouraged.
  • In collectivism members will be able to focus less on thinking about themselves hence resulting in less personal development.

The correct answer is B, C and E Only.
Key Points
To reduce resistance to change, the following managerial actions can be followed:

• B. Allowing participation: Allowing those who oppose a change to participate in decision making can help reduce resistance. This gives them a sense of ownership and involvement, increasing the likelihood of their support.
• C. Negotiation: Negotiation may become vital when resistance comes from a powerful source. By engaging in open dialogue and finding common ground, resistance can be minimized and a compromise can be reached.
• E. Coercion: Coercion can be used to get support easily. This involves using authority or power to enforce the change, even if it goes against the will of the employees. However, this method should be used sparingly as it may lead to resentment and decreased morale.​

Additional Information

• A. Education and communication: Education and communication are strong tools for reducing resistance to change. By providing clear explanations and information about the change, employees can better understand the reasons behind it and its potential benefits.
• D. Employee counseling: Although employee counseling may not serve the purpose of reducing resistance to change, it is still an important tool for addressing any concerns or anxieties that employees may have during the change process. Counseling can help individuals cope with the emotional aspects of change and provide support.

Correct answer is A, B and D Only

Key Points

• Cost volume or profit analysis = Cost volume or profit analysis also known as CVP analysis shows the changes in the cost and the profit due to changes in the volume of production. It is a main part of the marginal costing techniques. Here total cost of production and profits of a concern depends upon many factors such as selling price per unit, variable cost per unit, sales volume, product mix and fixed cost per unit. It help the business to understand the relationship between these factors and then make an informed decision about pricing, production and overall business strategy.
• Advantages of CVP analysis
  • Informed decision making = CVP provides a framework of decision making by taking into account the relationship between various factors which are cost, volume and profit. This also simplifies the work of the managers to take an more informed decisions to increase the efficiency and achieve the objectives of the business.
  • Cost control = CVP analysis facilitate better cost control by categorizing the cost into fixed and variable cost. Managers can identify the areas where the cost can be controlled or reduced and then frame the policies accordingly so that there is reduction in the cost and increase in profits.
  • Profit planning = CVP analysis helps the managers to plan the profit by studying the relationship between the cost and the volume. By understanding the break even point (no profit, no loss situation) and the effect of production levels on the profits companies can plan and frame their strategies so that maximum profit can be earned.
  • Break even analysis = Break even analysis is a situation of no profit or no loss or the situation where the level of production or sales at which the total revenue equals to the cost. This analysis is helpful to find out the minimum level of sales which are required to recover the cost.
• Limitations of CVP analysis 
  • Linearity = CVP analysis assume a liner relationship between the cost, volume and profit but in reality this situation does not exist because there are many factors that can affect the cost such as environmental factors, social factors, technological factors etc.  and due to that the cost fluctuates. And when the cost keeps on changing the firms efficiency and the productivity also changes and will not remain constant.
  • Constant selling price = The next assumption of CVP analysis is constant selling price which is also one of the limitations. As the environment and the business too are dynamic the prices and the cost will keep on fluctuating. The factors that can affect the selling price are cost of production, resource availability, demand of the product etc.
  • Sales are constant = CVP assumes that sales and inventory are constant which is not true because sales are affected by various factors such as marketing strategies, intermediaries, demand of the product and market conditions.

Correct answer is E, A, D, C, B

Key Points

• Process of a well planned experiment
  • Select relevant variables for testing = Anything which is capable of assuming the different values is known as variables. The first step in the process of an experiment is to identify the variables which are required for testing. There are mainly two types of variables dependent and independent variables.
    • Dependent variables = It is also called the outcome or response variables. This variable changes as a result of changes in the independent variables.
    • Independent variables = It is also known as manipulated, experimental or treatment variable. They become the cause of change in another variable.
    • In addition to these there are intervening and extraneous variables also. Intervening variables are those variables through which one variable affects another. Extraneous variable are those variable which affect the dependent variable and it needs to be controlled while conducting an experiment.
  • Specify the treatment levels = The next step is specifying the treatment levels means how the independent variable should be manipulated in the experiment and also controlling the extraneous variable so that the experimenter can determine weather the dependent variable changes in relation to a variation in an independent variable.
  • Chose the environmental and extraneous factors = Environmental and extraneous factors are those factors which can affect the dependent variable. Therefore the environmental and extraneous factors or the variable must be controlled so that the experimenter can determine weather the dependent variable changes in relation to a variation in an independent variable.
  • Choosing an experimental design = In this step an experimenter will choose an experimental design suited to the hypothesis. There are many experimental design which he can choose like cross sectional study( data is collected only once in the research process), longitudinal study(data is collected at various points of time in the research study), experimental study( in this the independent variable is manipulated to see the changes in the dependent variable), Action research( to solve the problem immediately).
  • Assign subject to group and conduct pilot study = The next step in the experiment is to assign the subjects or split the participants into groups like control and experimental group and then conduct a pilot study. Pilot study means to conduct an experiment on a small scale before conducting the main research to test the various aspects of the research design.

Correct answer is In the real world, substitution effect is much larger than the income effect.Key Points

Substitution Effect refers to the change in consumption patterns due to a change in the relative prices of goods, holding the consumer's utility (satisfaction) constant. When the price of a good decreases (or increases), consumers are more likely to substitute it for other goods that have become relatively more expensive (or cheaper).

The statement "In the real world, substitution effect is much larger than the income effect" highlights a commonly observed phenomenon in consumer behavior economics. This can be explained through a few key considerations:

1. Price Sensitivity: Consumers are often highly sensitive to changes in prices. A slight decrease in the price of a good makes it more attractive compared to other goods whose prices have not changed. This sensitivity induces consumers to substitute towards the cheaper good, often in significant amounts.
2. Availability of Alternatives: The modern marketplace offers a vast array of alternatives for most goods and services. This abundance makes it easier for consumers to find substitutes when the price dynamics change, amplifying the substitution effect.
3. Limited Income Changes: When the price of a product changes, the real income (purchasing power) of consumers changes as well. However, this income effect (the change in consumption patterns due to a change in consumer's real income) is often smaller in comparison to the substitution effect because consumer incomes do not usually change as quickly or significantly as prices do.
4. Real-World Observations: Empirical evidence in various markets often shows that consumers tend to adjust their buying habits more significantly in response to price changes (substitution effect) than to changes in their real income (income effect). This is partly because real income changes are generally more gradual, while price changes can be sudden and noticeable.

Additional Information

• Most of the goods are not reasonable substitutes: This statement, although it can be true in certain contexts, does not directly address the nature or impact of the substitution effect.
• In reality, the income effect represents its predominance over the substitution effect: This statement contradicts the commonly observed economic behavior where the substitution effect usually plays a larger role than the income effect in consumer choices.
• Substitution and income effects cannot be separated easily: While academically challenging, this statement does not specifically highlight the significance or magnitude of the substitution effect compared to the income effect.

Correct answer is A and C Only

Key Points

• MNC = MNC means Multinational Company. Multinational company means a company which has its business operations in many countries other than the home country and has a huge capital base and technological know how. In MNC the production process is scattered across more than one country and the investments are also made in several countries. So the goods sold by an MNC are known as MNC goods.
• Domestic goods = These are the goods which are manufactured by the domestic or the national company. Domestic company means those companies which do not have huge financial resources and are generally confined to a narrower place. In domestic company the production process are confined to domestic country and there is no investment other than the home country.
• Reasons for substitution between domestic and MNC goods
  • Increased knowledge = Due to increased knowledge of the customer they can understand and compare the benefits and the advantages of the MNC goods versus domestic goods and then make an informed decision to purchase the goods. If the MNC good will be superior than the domestic customer will drift away from buying the local goods and will move on to MNC goods.
  • Low transportation cost = As the transportation cost reduces the overall cost of importing the goods also reduces into the domestic market. This decreased cost will make the cost of the product less. This reduction in price would lead a shift to MNC goods from the domestic goods.
  • Technological advancements = As MNC have more technological advancements they can offer a good quality product at less price. This can lead to substitution of domestic goods with MNC goods.
  • Access to resources = As MNC have access to resources related to specialized labor, advance technologies and specific natural resources there production cost decreases and as result per unit cost of the product also decreases. This decreased cost can make the the MNC goods price competitive with domestic goods and leads to substitute of domestic goods.

Correct answer is A, C and E Only

Key Points

• Conflict management = Everyone can get benefit from learning to use conflict management skills in the workplace, regardless of their role, position, responsibilities. People con avoid conflict in the workplace but sometimes it can creep up on the employees and the customer. Learning about the conflict management can help to handle the various situations. There are mainly 5 Conflict Management styles.
  • Accommodating = Accommodating style means forsaking your own desires in exchange for those of others. This style takes place when you are give in or are persuaded to give in. This style is more appropriate when others care about the issue more than you do.
  • Compromising = A compromising style attempts to find a solution that will please all the parties not fully but partially. This style could be appropriate when a solution is more important and a deadline is reaching. At these time by compromising we can reduce the conflicts arising in the organizations.
  • Collaborating = In collaborating style the management attempts to find out a solution by which needs of all the parties are fulfilled and the parties are satisfied and pleased. This style is appropriate when multiple perspectives are to be addressed and there is important relation between the parties and final solution is too important.
  • Competing = In competing style the firm refuses to see the perspectives of the other parties and prioritize personal goal over the relationship often involving a desire to win. This style is appropriate when the person have stand up for his rights and morals and needs to make a quick decision.
  • Avoiding = The avoiding style completely evades the conflict. People neither pursue their own beliefs nor those of the other people. This style is appropriate to use when the conflict seems to be trivial and we don not have time to think but we need more time to think. While avoiding conflicts following things should be taken care of
    • Conflicts based on interpersonal relationships = These types of conflicts can lead to negativity and team cohesion, tension rises and resentments becomes faster and much big argument can result and they can become angry and might hurt the person.
    • Conflicts over content and goals of the work = By making a conflict over how work should be done it can lead to decrease the productivity and halt progress towards achieving the objectives and goals of the organization.
    • Conflict over how work gets done = If there is a conflict of hoe work gets to be done then it can cause a disruption in the productivity of the organizations and the objectives might not be achieved effectively.

Key Points

• Statement I : For a given sample size and level of significance (a), the critical value of student's t always exceeds that of z. This is because the critical value of student's t distribution is greater than the critical value of of the standard normal distribution (z) when the degrees of freedom are relatively small.
• Statement II : For a given level of significance (a), the critical value of student's t decreases as the sample size increases, approaching the critical value of the standard normal distribution (z) as n becomes very large.

Additional Information

• The level of significance is the fixed probability of wrong elimination of null hypothesis when it is true. It defines whether the null hypothesis assumed is to be accepted or rejected.
• Critical value is defined as a value that is compared to a test statistic in hypothesis testing to determine whether the null hypothesis is to be rejected or not. The critical value for a one tailed or two tailed test can be calculated using the confidence interval.
• A t- test is used when the population standard deviation is not known and the sample size is less than 30.
• A z-test is used when the the population standard deviation is known and the sample size is greater than or equal to 30.

Key Points

• Entertainment allowance is taxable for both government and private sector employees. However, only the government employees are eligible for entertainment allowance deduction.
• Under Section 16(ii) of the Income Tax Act,1961, the amount of deduction allowed to the government employee for the entertainment allowance shall be lower of the following:

• Deduction is only allowed to Central or State government employees. Non government employees, employees of local authorities or statutory corporation are not eligible for deduction.
• Illustration for calculation of deduction allowed for entertainment allowance :

Important Points

• Entertainment allowance refers to the allowance provided by employers to employees for hosting entertainment events, meals, drinks or other similar activities related to business arrangements.
• The entertainment allowance is a taxable allowance. It is added to the gross salary of the taxpayer.
• The amount actually spent towards entertainment allowance is irrelevant for claiming deduction.

Key Points 

• Under Section 54 B, Capital gain exemptions are available to those individuals who reinvest their sale proceeds from their agricultural land into a new agricultural land. The capital gain exemption is limited to the amount of capital gain or the investment made, whichever is lower. Only individuals/ HUF who are Indian residents who sell agricultural land situated in an urban area can avail the benefits.
• Section 54 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 allows exemptions to those individuals who have earned Long term Capital Gain from the sale of a residential property and such proceeds must be invested in purchasing or constructing a residential house. The amount of exemption is lower of the amount of capital gain earned or the amount invested in the new residential property.
• Under Section 54 EC of the Income Tax Act exemptions are allowed to those individuals who have earned long term capital gain from the sale of an immovable asset ( land or building). The maximum amount of exemption allowed under this section is limited to Rs. 50 lakh per year and in subsequent financial years altogether.
• Section 54 D allows exemptions to those individuals who have earned capital gain on compulsory acquisition made by the government of Land and building forming part of an industrial undertaking. The sale proceeds should be utilised to purchase or construct any other land or building within 3 years from the date of transfer. The amount of exemption is limited to the capital gain on compulsory acquisition of land or building, or the amount of investment in purchasing new land or building.

Key Points

•  Honeywell Inc's move from a hierarchical management structure to a much flatter and team based structure reflects a decentralised strategy.
• In a hierarchical management structural, decision making authority flows from top level to lower level employees. However, in a decentralised structure decision making is transferred and distributed away from centralised authority to middle and lower levels of management.
• In a Hierarchical management structure, responsibility belongs to a small group of higher level executives whereas in a decentralised form of organisation, managers and employees share responsibility.
• Centralised organisations who follow hierarchical structure have less flexibility and limited employee engagement whereas there is more flexibility and agility in decentralised organisations due to better communication and collaboration among employees​

Important Points

• Decentralisation increases the participation of people at different levels of the organisation.
• It creates confidence amongst subordinates and improves transparency and efficiency.
• It lessons the burden of top management and propagates competition among various departments , thus resulting in increased efficiency and productivity.